Friday, December 27, 2019
Landmark Supreme Court Cases - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1556 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Supreme Court Cases Essay Did you like this example? New Jersey v. T.L.O.        At a New Jersey High School, specifically Piscataway High School, a teacher found two girls smoking cigarettes and proceeded to escort them to the principals office. The first girl admitted to smoking but the second girl, T.L.O., denied smoking anything. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Landmark Supreme Court Cases" essay for you Create order The principal eventually searched the girls purse and found cigarettes, marijuana, and a list with the names of fellow students who owed T.L.O. money. T.L.O. was charged with the possession of marijuana but before her trial, she moved to suppress evidence discovered in the search, and was denied by the Court. She was found guilty and sentenced to one year on probation by the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court of New Jersey, Middlesex County. The defendant appealed to the Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division and they held the original Courts findings. After that, the New Jersey Supreme Court reversed the ruling, saying that the exclusionary rule of the Fourth Amendment applies to searches and seizures conducted by school officials in public schools. Once it reached the Supreme Court of the United States, by a 6 to 3 ruling, ruled that Piscataway High School and the State of New Jersey had met a reasonableness standard for conducting such searches at school because stude nts have a reduced expectation of privacy when in school.        This case was an example of judicial restraint because they upheld the ability of the administration to search and seize with probable cause. There was smoke in the bathroom, and only those two girls were in there. The Piscataway principle had every right to search her bag, it says so in the fourth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright        Clarence Earl Gideon was charged in the State of Florida for breaking and entering with the intent to commit a misdemeanor, which is a felony under Florida Law. Gideon appeared to court without having an attorney, and in open court, he requested that the judge appoint counsel for him because he could not afford counsel. The judge denied the request because Florida law only allowed appointment of counsel for poor defendants charged with capital offenses. Gideon represented himself, cross-examined witnesses, presented witnesses, argued his innocence, and declined to testify himself. He was found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison. Gideon filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Florida Supreme Court on the ground that the judge refused to appoint counsel for him, which violated his constitutional rights, but he was denied. He then filed a handwritten petition to the Supreme Court of the United States, and they agreed to hear the cas e. The Supreme Court of the United States unanimously agreed to uphold the Sixth Amendments guarantee of counsel because it is a fundamental right to a fair trial, and this is applied through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. (USCourts.gov)        The Supreme Court of the United States ruling in this was judicial activism because they overturned a previous ruling, that being the ruling of Betts v. Brady (1942) where they held that the refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant charged with a felony in the state court did not necessarily violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright was a momentous ruling for the rights of the accused because of the new precedence it had set.        This ruling set a new precedent, guaranteeing that if you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you. Justice Hugo Black, the Justice that wrote the opinion of the Court, said that reason and reflection require us to recognize that in our adversary system of criminal justice, any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him (USCourts.gov). It made all state laws allowing for counsel not to be provided unconstitutional because they did not follow due process. The Supreme Court overruled Floridas law in this, changing their power for the benefit of the accused. Korematsu v. United States        On February 19, 1942, President F. D. Roosevelt signed an Executive Order authorizing the Secretary of War and the military to remove people of Japanese ancestry from designated military areas and neighboring communities. Eventually this lead to the mass relocation of 120,000 Japanese-Americans and Japanese aliens to internment camps mostly along the West Coast. Fred Korematsu was one of them, a 23 year old Japanese-American. He did not follow the order to leave his home and job. He even went as far to get plastic surgery, changed his name, and said he was of Hawaiian and Spanish ancestry. On May 30, 1942, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested Fred Korematsu for not reporting to the internment camp. Korematsu allowed the American Civil Liberties Union to represent him. He was tried in San Francisco, convicted of violating the military orders issued under the Executive Order FDR authorized. He was sentenced to five years on probation, and got sent t o an Assembly Center in San Bruno, CA. Korematsus attorneys appealed the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals, and they upheld the trial courts decision. He then asked the Supreme Court to hear his case, and they ruled 6-3 in favor that the detention was based on military necessity, and not race. (USCourts.gov)        The Supreme Court, at the time very divided, ruled 6-3 in favor of the lower courts ruling. This ruling was one of judicial restraint because they upheld the implied powers taken from the expressed powers in Articles 1 2 of the Constitution and that the military knew what was best.        This had a great impact on how the United States could act during a time of War. It is allowed in the Constitution for the government to incarcerate an entire group of people with no crimes being committed for the security of the entire people. In the 1980s, the district court ruling cleared Korematsus name on the grounds of the governments legal team suppressing or destroying evidence from intelligence agencies stating that Japanese-Americans posed no military threat. With that being said, the Supreme Court upheld their verdict from 40 years prior; Justice Hugo Black said Pressing public necessity may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions; racial antagonism never can (USCourts.gov). Mapp v. Ohio        Cleveland Police Officers, without a search warrant, busted their way into Dollree Mapps house looking for a suspected bomber. CPD Officers didnt find a suspect but they did find a trunk of obscene pictures in her basement. She was arrested for possession of the obscene pictures but argued that her fourth amendment rights had been violated by the search. Her appeal finally reached the Supreme Court where they ruled 5-3 in favor of Mapp. They said that evidence seized without a search warrant couldnt be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts. For reference: during this time, evidence seized illegally was banned from federal courts but not from state courts. (USCourts.gov)        The ruling in Mapp v. Ohio was one of judicial activism because they set a new precedent by making all evidence seized unlawfully banned from both state and federal courts. The Fourth Amendment states that ,The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, support by Oath of affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (U.S. Constitution, Amendment IV). The Supreme Court upheld what is written in the Constitution, but mandated that all state courts follow what the Constitution states because, in this case, Ohio was denying Mapp her civil rights.        This ruling changed the powers that the states had at the time. The Supreme Court, having set this precedent, made any and all evidence obtained without a search warrant or probable cause, illegal at all state courts. Federally, it was already at this precedent. Along with Gideon v. Wainwright, this was a huge ruling for the rights of the accused in the state court systems. Activism v. Restraint        If I were the President, I would want an activist judge. Some of the most important protections we have as citizens have come from cases deemed as being judicial activism such as Brown v. Board of Education, Mapp v. Ohio, and Gideon v. Wainwright. We need certain protections from the government, which are our civil liberties and right. It is crucial to our freedom as we know it, and times change, as should the laws except for the Second Amendment. Works Cited Facts and Case Summary Gideon v. Wainwright. United States Courts, https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/facts-and-case-summary-gideon-v-wainwright. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. Facts and Case Summary Korematsu v. U.S. United States Courts, https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/facts-and-case-summary-korematsu-v-us. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/323us214. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/236. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1962/155. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1983/83-712. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. Korematsu v. United States. Prezi.Com, https://prezi.com/lsyxlxwmzpo7/korematsu-v-united-states/. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. Mapp v. Ohio Podcast. United States Courts, https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/supreme-court-landmarks/mapp-v-ohio-podcast. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018. New Jersey v. T.L.O. United States Courts, https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/new-jersey-v-tlo. Accessed 14 Dec. 2018.
Thursday, December 19, 2019
The Education System Brown Vs. Board of Education
Even though most people only know of the famous Brown v. Board of Education case, many other cases also took a major part in overturning the harsh laws that African Americans faced for a long period of time in this country. Brown v. Board of Education was the most important Supreme Court decision of the 20th century (National Park). Without this case, the education system and other segregated facilities might not have ever changed through the course of history (Kirk). Not only was this one person fighting the Board of Education, but it consisted of multiple cases put together to take to the Supreme Court. This shows that lots of people had the same feeling towards the subject at hand. These various cases and the people involved in each†¦show more content†¦In fact, this case was actually made up of five different cases that surrounded the same topic with black children wanting to attend a white school. They came from the states of Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delawa re. The court cases involved many famous names known today, such as Thurgood Marshall and Chief Justice Earl Warren (Supreme Court). Earl Warren gave the opinion that even though the cases came from different locations, they all had the same legal question to put into consideration. Before going to the Supreme Court, the five cases were ruled in favor of the school boards by a U.S. District Court with a three judge panel. The case presented in front of the Supreme Court raised questions about legal issues, but the most common one was that separate school systems were unequal and violated the constitution (Administrative Office). At this level in the court system, many justices realized they did not know which way to go in the case. Surprisingly, most wanted to overturn Plessy and claim that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional (Administrative Offices). In the end, Earl Warren was able to get all the justices to agree on one outcome of the case in 1953. By a unanimous v ote, Plessy was overturned and declared that segregation in public schools was against the constitutionShow MoreRelatedBrown Vs. Board Of Education1143 Words  | 5 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education (1954) was a landmark Supreme Court Case that overturned the separate but equal ideology established by the earlier Supreme Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). The Plessy vs. Ferguson court case had a profound affect on the social interaction of racial groups in the late 19th to early 20th century causing tension between the two most prominent races within the United States, the Caucasians and the African Americans, which included Hispanics and other non-white citizensRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Public Schools1605 Words  | 7 PagesBrown vs Board Tess Gerczak Baker College Brown vs Board Neither the atom bomb nor the hydrogen bomb will ever be as meaningful to our democracy as the unanimous declaration of the Supreme Court that racial segregation violates the spirit and the letter of our Constitution. â€Å"On May 17 1954 the court unanimously ruled that separate but equal violated the Equal Protection Clause. Even though undefined the brown vs board of education caused the desegregation of public schools. Led toRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education Essay1490 Words  | 6 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education Ever since the founding of the United States of America, blacks have continuously been considered inferior to the white race. In the year of 1954, a substantial advancement in the fight for equality for blacks was prevalent. Countless prominent leaders of the United States realized the injustices that the blacks were forced to endure daily. Stated blatantly in the Declaration of Independence, it is said that all men are created equally. Disregarding the opinions of theRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education Essay1308 Words  | 6 PagesBrown v. Board of Education The case of brown v. board of education was one of the biggest turning points for African Americans to becoming accepted into white society at the time. Brown vs. Board of education to this day remains one of, if not the most important cases that African Americans have brought to the surface for the better of the United States. Brown v. Board of Education was not simply about children and education (Silent Covenants pg 11); it was about being equal in a society thatRead MoreWhite Vs. Board Of Education Essay1662 Words  | 7 Pages There are many cases in history that have a racial element like segregation to it. One of the most important, influential, and more well known court cases that dealt with segregation was Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka. It is commonly understood that Brown vs Board of Education dealt with a little girl suing because she wanted to attend an all white school in her neighborhood. In reality, the case was far more complex than that. In December, 1952 , the U.S. Supreme Court had on its docket casesRead MoreThe Chicago Public School System1226 Words  | 5 PagesThe Chicago Public School system was slow to integrate even after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling of 1954. It took much protesting, federal involvement and public outrage to finally bring about more racial equality for the students of Chicago. While the Brown v. Board of Education ruling is thought of as being the reason any racial equality was brought to schools after such long hardships for the African American students, Chicago had a difficult time bringing the ruling to fruition and federalRead MoreBrown Vs. Board of Education Essay554 Words  | 3 Pagescases which have altered the history of countries Brown vs. Board of Education stands. Like anything pivotal there are many elements involved within the issue, background, and the impact of the decision. In Brown Vs. Board of Education there are three main points involved which made it so pivotal, the issue with which it was based, the historical background, and the after affect it had on the south . Before 1954 most public school systems in the south- and some in the north as well-were raciallyRead MoreBrown V. The Board Of Education1136 Words  | 5 PagesBrown v. The Board of Education Topeka, Kansas, 1950, a young African-American girl named Linda Brown had to walk a mile to get to her school, crossing a railroad switchyard. She lived seven blocks from an all white school. Linda’s father, Oliver, tried to enroll her into the all white school. The school denied her because of the color of her skin. Segregation was widespread throughout our nation. Blacks believed that the â€Å"separate but equal†saying was false. They felt that whites had more educationalRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Education878 Words  | 4 Pages Brown vs. Board of Education Is our nation becoming segregated again in light of the recent current events? When you turned on your television last week, did you get a sense of remorse for both the black community as well as the law enforcement community? Our nation is facing many obstacles today regarding equal rights for all. Recently, I have read an essay released in a magazine called, The American School Board Journal, titled â€Å"The Ruling that Changed America†by Juan Williams which he alsoRead MoreAnalysis Of Elizabeth And Hazel, Parts Of The Town892 Words  | 4 Pagesto better schools and got better paying jobs while Black people continued to suffer. Black people ended up being stuck in a cycle of an unofficial caste system. This â€Å"caste system†based on socio-economic racism has evolved and still exists today. The socioeconomic divide exists to this day. In the American Life Podcast, the school Michael Brown went to at Normandy, one of the poorest cities in Missouri, has a large population of lower income Black people. In January of 2013, Normandy lost its accreditation
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Communication Science free essay sample
Communication competencies which are important in workplace: †¢ Writing and listening †¢ Public speaking †¢ Interpersonal and group communication †¢ Leadership †¢ Networking †¢ Teamwork collaboration †¢ Meeting skills †¢ Information tech skills †¢ Intercultural sensitivity Communication is And vibrant field of study †¢ So, what is, by the way? ? What is Communication? ? Understanding Process of Communication Communication can be†¦. †¦ Exchange glances and gesturals between lovers †¦ People using sign language †¦ A talk show on television †¦ a knowing smile, or a thoughtful walk on the beach Chit chat with friends reading a good book for more meanings of communication , we should look after this page†¦ Secara etimologis, comunication (Inggris) berasal dari kata Latin yaitu communis yang berarti ‘sama’ dan communico, communicatio,communicare yang berarti ‘membuat sama’ (to make co mmon) Secara sempit, komunikasi dapat didefinisikan sebagai penyampaian pesan melalui media elektronik Secara luas, adalah interaksi antara dua mahluk hidup atau lebih komunikasi there are still more and more about definitions of communication†¦ Beware of Impersonation ! Communication is symbolic Symbols are used to represent things, ideas, processes, or events in ways that make communication possible Types of symbols are verbal (words, number) and nonverbal (expression, gesture), object Melek Teknologi = Gaul! Ojo Lali†¦ Communication is meanings v We create meanings in the process of communication v We talk with others to clarify our own thoughts, decide how to interpret non verbal behaviors, and put labels on feelings and hopes to give them reality v In communication, messages can have more than one feelings Media lebih penting daripada isi pesan yang disampaikan oleh media tersebut. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Misalnya, isi tayangan di televisi memang penting atau menarik, tetapi kehadiran televisi di ruang keluarga tersebut menjadi jauh lebih penting lagi. Presidential Security Guard wears batik is one thing Source: www. detik. com President of Microsoft Corp wears batik is thinkable Kenneth K Sereno dan Edwar M Bodaken Ada tiga kerangka pemahaman (karakteristik) komunikasi, yaitu: 1. Komunikasi merupakan tindakan satu arah (one-way) 2. Komunikasi sebagai interaksi 3. Komunikasi sebagai transaksi Komunikasi sebagai Tindakan Satu Arah artinya komunikasi dianggap sebagai proses linear yang dimulai dengan sumber atau pengirim yang berakhir pada penerima, sasaran atau tujuan. Definition from Carl I. Hovland Komunikasi adalah proses yang memungkinkan seseorang (komunikator) menyampaikan rangsangan (biasanya lambang-lambang verbal) untuk mengubah perilaku orang lain (komunikate) Benarkah komunikasi merupakan tindakan satu arah? One Step Flow Communication Model Media Public Model one step flow menjelaskan bahwa tidak semua media punya kekuatan yang sama. Pesan yang diterima tergantung pada sistem seleksi yang ada pada masingmasing audience. (Nurudin, 2004) Definition from Harold Lasswell Who Says, What In Which Channel To Whom With What Effect? Harold D. Lasswell (1948) (Cara yang baik untuk menggambarkan komunikasi adalah dengan menjawab pertanyaan diatas) Siapa Mengatakan Apa Dengan Saluran Apa Kepada Siapa Dengan Pengaruh Bagaimana Dalam definisi Lasswell diatas terdapat 5 (lima) unsur komunikasi) yang saling bergantung satu sama lain. Komunikasi Sebagai Interaksi Interaksi berarti saling mempengaruhi (mutual influence) roses sebab-akibat atau aksi-reaksi yang arahnya bergantian Komunikasi sebagai interaksi dipandang sedikit lebih dinamis dari komunikasi satu arah karena adanya umpan balik (feed back) Komunikasi sebagai transaksi adalah suatu proses dinamis yang secara berkesinambungan mengubah pihak-pihak yang berkomunikasi. Penafsiran kita atas perilaku verbal dan nonverbal orang lain yang kita kemukakan juga cenderung akan meng ubah penafsiran orang tersebut atas pesan-pesan kita dan begitu seterusnya. Konteks-konteks Komunikasi Komunikasi tidak berlangsung dalam ruang hampa-sosial, melainkan dalam konteks atau situasi tertentu.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
The People of Egypt
Lane’s interest in understanding the people of Egypt was demonstrated in his detailed work on this country and the ancient society that existed when this dynasty ruled the region.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The People of Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book, Description of Egypt was based on his diary that he made on the facts that he collected about this country during his voyage. He starts by describing the harbors, and Alexandria City. From his description, Lane tries to figure out the strategic location of this city the ancient trade and other overseas activities that took place along this route. Lane then moved from Alexandria to the famous Nile. He wanted to compare what was written in historic books and the actual geographic structure of this country. He even tries to give a physical sketch of the country based on what he was able to observe. The book then describes the topo graphical structure of Musr, currently known as Cairo. He found it interesting comparing the historical topography of this region, and what had been written in historical books. He marveled at the size of the city and the beauty of its environs. Lane gave a detailed analysis of the Egyptian Moos’lim Dynasties as they were recorded in some of the artifacts that were available within this society. He was attracted to the Mohham’mad Al’ee’s history, especially after the departure of French forces from this region. According to this book, Egyptians were generally organized people who lived in a society that had centrally focused on their pharaoh as the supreme authority. The book shows that life during the ancient times was based on town. Although people practiced farming and other economic activities, majority of members of this kingdom lived in the two large cities of Cairo and Alexandria. The two cities were strategically located from the deep harbors, and this made it possible to detect and repel any of the external forces that would try to attack the kingdom. In such towns, the society had a clear administrative structure. As demonstrated in this book, members of the society had a clear hierarchy that had to be observed by all other members of the society. Lane observes that this society had a clear administrative structure with the pharaoh as the final authority. There were other ranks from pharaoh, with each rank having specific objectives and authorities (Lane 78). The Egyptian pyramids was another factor that Lane’s book gave a detailed account on as a way of clarifying the social structure of this country. This book gave a detailed focus on the Pyramid of El-Gee’zeh and the Pyramid of Ab’oo Seer. In his analysis, Lane was concerned of collecting some historical facts about this country and the social structure of its people. Lane describes the visit he made to these sites, and some of the remains that were collected from the sites.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is revealed in this book that the pyramids were used as tombs for pharaohs. The book depicts the Egyptian pharaoh as a demigod who was considered to have supernormal powers. The society believed that pharaohs were able to overcome death after some time. For this reason, they constructed the pyramids as places where pharaohs would be placed upon their death. The pyramids acted as their house when they died. Pharaoh would be buried into the pyramids with all the servants. At this point, there is a mixed reaction in the mind of Lane as presented in this book. While he admired the architectural work that was involved in coming up with the pyramids, he is actually amazed at the fact that living human beings would be buried with the dead king in order to be able to offer him any service he would ‘need’. The book gives an idea that the country did not consider slaves as normal human beings with feelings that any person could have. This is one of the reasons why they were buried together with the pharaohs when he died. This is supported by some of the historical facts that Lane was able to gather about Egypt and the ancient Egyptians. This book also tells about the Nubians. According to this book, Lane notes that Nubians are some of the native inhabitants of the ancient Egypt, especially the southern region that borders Sudan. The ancient Nubians were hunters and gatherers. They also kept animals such as cows and goats. Although they did not have a clearly defined social system, the Nubians had some form of political system, with leaders also seen as the religious heads. However, the strong Egyptian army pushed them further down the border. Most of them were taken to Egypt as slaves. However, as the power of the Egyptian empire subsided, the Nubians community was restricted once again. T he book also described changes that took place among this community over the years, to the modern day Nubians who value agriculture and cattle keeping (Lane 112). The book analyzes the origin of civilization in Egypt. The book acknowledges that Egypt could be the cradle land of civilization. Hieroglyphics that were used in this ancient kingdom was a sign of a society that was changing to modernity. The book also talks about religion and law in this country. Although the political leadership was seen to be different from religious leadership in this kingdom, Pharaoh was considered the overall head of the society and his decision was considered as a law that had to be obeyed by everyone. The book looks at the mannerism of members of this society and some of their customs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The People of Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As noted in this book, customs and culture in this society was consistently changing with the changes taking place in the society due to its exposure to the outside world. The book looks at some of the economic activities that were practiced by Egyptians during this period. The book also looks at the emergence of agriculture in this society. Conclusion The book’s, ‘Description of Egypt’ by Edward Lane gives a detailed focus of the ancient Egyptian society. The book analyzes some of the geographical facts about this country, and then analyzes the social and political structure of these people. The book tries to compare the evidence Lane collected and some of the historical information that had existed before. The book analyzes some of the indigenous people of Egypt, especially the Nubians. Lane then brings to focus the gradual change of the society members to modernity. The book analyzes the socio-economic and political structure of the society before, during and after the transition. As the book demonstrates, th e society in Egypt went through a series of transition to become what it is today. Works Cited Lane, Edward. Description of Egypt: Notes and Views in Egypt and Nubia, Made During the Years 1825, 26, 27, and 28; Chiefly Consisting of a Series of Descriptions and Delineations of the Monuments, Scenery C. of Those Countries. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2000. Print. This research paper on The People of Egypt was written and submitted by user Jagger Solomon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
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